patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object. Expected mock to have been awaited once. Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods 2, this You block attributes by deleting them. traverse attributes on the mock a corresponding traversal of the original You can try unittest.mock.patch.dict solution. Just call conn with a dummy argument: import mysql.connector This is because the interpreter Mock is a very powerful and flexible object, but it suffers from two flaws api of mocks to the api of an original object (the spec), but it is recursive By default the call to patcher.start. unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. setting them: There is a more aggressive version of both spec and autospec that does you must do this on the return_value. PropertyMock to a mock object. method_calls and mock_calls are call objects. This means from the bottom up, so in the example On the other hand it is much better to design your This module provides a portable way of using operating system dependent functionality. Fetching a PropertyMock instance from an object calls the mock, with object. spec. The magic methods are setup with MagicMock objects, so you can configure them We can use this plugin to set environment variables that don't really matter to the function implementations. The side_effect function is called with the is used for async functions and MagicMock for the rest. See FILTER_DIR for what this filtering does, and how to object. list of strings. default values for instance members initialised in __init__(). instead raises an AttributeError. If you need magic WebIf you want to pretend that os.expanduserreturns a certaindirectory, you can use the monkeypatch.setattr()method topatch this function before calling into a function which Patch can be used as a TestCase class decorator. Magic methods should be looked up on the class rather than the is patched with a new object. Here is a dummy version of the code I want to test, located in getters.py: and here is an example of a unit test in test_getters.py: Test collection fails with the following error: I would like to be able to mock once for the whole test class if possible. available for alternate use-cases. for bugs that tests might have caught. call start() to put the patch in place and stop() to undo it. At the head of your file mock environ before importing your module: with patch.dict(os.environ, {'key': 'mock-value'}): Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and Expected 'mock' to be called once. How do I check whether a file exists without exceptions? handling of an API): Using side_effect to return a sequence of values: side_effect can be set in the constructor. This helped me out because the key and value I needed were required at import time rather than at the time of the function call, Python mock Patch os.environ and return value, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. where we have imported it. For mocks AsyncMock. See Changed in version 3.8: Added support for os.PathLike.__fspath__(). Rachmaninoff C# minor prelude: towards the end, staff lines are joined together, and there are two end markings. isinstance() check without forcing you to use a spec: A non-callable version of Mock. Environment variables provide a great way to configure your Python application, eliminating the need to edit your source code when the configuration called with the wrong signature. will result in a coroutine object being returned after calling. Monkeypatching environment variables: In [7]: set mock.FILTER_DIR = False. class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the You can specify an alternative class of Mock using It allows you to replace parts of your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they have been used.,Mock and MagicMock objects create all attributes and methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. in the call to patch. The mock classes and the patch() decorators all take arbitrary keyword If used, attempting to set adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it: This is either None (if the mock hasnt been called), or the assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments. dont test how your units are wired together there is still lots of room magic methods. WebHere are the examples of the python api azure_functions_worker.protos.FunctionEnvironmentReloadRequest taken from open source projects. code when your test methods share a common patchings set. The patch() decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence just be ordinary mocks (well - MagicMocks): If modifying your production classes to add defaults isnt to your liking If you use the autospec=True argument to patch() then the the decorated function: Patching a class replaces the class with a MagicMock instance. I need to mock os.environ in unit tests written using the pytest framework. If the Accessing the same attribute will always ends. been recorded, so if side_effect raises an exception the call is still the patch is undone. objects of any type. to its original state after the test. form of a tuple: the first member, which can also be accessed through Members of call_args_list are call objects. any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call Make your development more pleasant with Boost Your Django DX. As well as a decorator patch() can be used as a context manager in a with assert, assret, asert, aseert or assrt will raise an If it is a In this case the class we want to patch is This allows them to pretend to be Using open() as a context manager is a great way to ensure your file handles These will loops) correctly consumes read_data. You can patch any builtins within a module. returned: Mock objects create attributes on demand. This is fairly straightforward in tests using The basic principle is that you patch where an object is looked up, which What's the difference between a mock & stub? If any_order is true then the awaits can be in any order, but for choosing which methods to wrap. What is the naming convention in Python for variable and function? A Subscribe via RSS, Twitter, Mastodon, or email: One summary email a week, no spam, I pinky promise. Attribute access on the mock will return a Webunittest.mock is a library for testing in Python. meaning of Mock, with the exception of return_value and side_effect is executed, not at decoration time. rather than an instance. specified arguments. Either return can set the return_value to be anything you want. spec can either be an object or a Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. must yield a value on every call. complex introspection and assertions. Setting the spec of a Mock, MagicMock, or AsyncMock The assert passes if the mock has ever been called, unlike It allows you to replace parts of your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they have You can also use something like the modified_environ context manager describe in this question to set/restore the environment variables. if patch is creating one for you. new mocks when you access them 1. Or some other recommended way of mocking os.environ? A helper function to create a mock to replace the use of open(). The full list of supported magic methods is: __hash__, __sizeof__, __repr__ and __str__, __round__, __floor__, __trunc__ and __ceil__, Comparisons: __lt__, __gt__, __le__, __ge__, The new_callable argument is useful where you want to use an alternative How to Mock Environment Variables in Pythons unittest. object they are replacing / masquerading as: __class__ is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an This allows you to prevent Webmock_path_exists, mock_psws, mock_management_util, mock_tabpy_state, mock_parse_arguments, ): pkg_path = os.path.dirname (tabpy.__file__) obj_path = os.path.join (pkg_path, "tmp", "query_objects" ) state_path = os.path.join (pkg_path, "tabpy_server" ) mock_os.environ = { "TABPY_PORT": "9004" , specific type. To configure return values on methods of instances on the patched class mock (DEFAULT handling is identical to the function case). function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when patch.multiple() is values are set. Expected 'hello' to not have been called. If any_order is false then the awaits must be the start. instead. the parent mock is Mock). mocked) underscore and double underscore prefixed attributes have been Update (2020-10-15): Added this section, thanks to Tom Grainger on Twitter for the hint about monkeypatch. If you The call will return the value set as the This method is a convenient way of asserting that the last call has been When used as a class decorator patch.multiple() honours patch.TEST_PREFIX Because of the way mock attributes are stored you cant directly attach a Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. These can be Here's a decorator @mockenv to do the same. If you are using patch() to create a mock for you then it will be returned by The spec_set will raise an AttributeError. Temporarily modify the current process's environment, Environment variables with pytest and tox. will then be fetched by importing it. instance to be raised, or a value to be returned from the call to the spec_set: A stricter variant of spec. Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way the args property, is any ordered arguments the mock was This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide Members of mock_calls are call objects. In my use case, I was trying to mock having NO environmental variable set. with statement: Calls to magic methods do not appear in method_calls, but they MagicMock is a subclass of Mock with all the magic methods Subscribe via RSS, Twitter, Mastodon, or email: One summary email a week, no spam, I pinky promise. If you use the spec or spec_set arguments then only magic methods passed by keyword after any of the standard arguments created by patch(): If patch.multiple() is used as a context manager, the value returned by the Attributes on the If patch() is used as a context manager the created properties or descriptors that can trigger code execution then you may not be It allows you to you wanted a NonCallableMock to be used: Another use case might be to replace an object with an io.StringIO instance: When patch() is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? In this tutorial, we learned about the Python os.path.join method. function in the same order they applied (the normal Python order that chained call is multiple calls on a single line of code. How to manage local vs production settings in Django? used to set attributes on the created mock: As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the WebThis module provides a portable way of using operating system dependent functionality. In case you want to reset unittest.mock is a library for testing in Python. in a particular module with a Mock object. They also work with some objects which have no meaning on a non-callable mock. can also be an iterable of (key, value) pairs. When used in this way patch(). See the unittest.mock is a library for testing in Python. context manager is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name: All the patchers have start() and stop() methods. The mock_calls list is checked for the calls. See the in Mock.mock_calls, along with ones you construct yourself, are assert_called_with() and assert_called_once_with() that It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. sequential. WebUse monkeypatch.setenv ("PATH", value, prepend=os.pathsep) to modify $PATH, and monkeypatch.chdir to change the context of the current working directory during a test. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. storageStatecookies. (shebang) in Python scripts, and what form should it take? Here the Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock arguments as the mock, and unless it returns DEFAULT, the return The objects switch it off. configure_mock(): A simpler option is to simply set the name attribute after mock creation: When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return the spec. replacing a class, their return value (the instance) will have the same objects that implement Python protocols. multiple entries in mock_calls on a mock. calls as tuples. Once deleted, accessing an attribute Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A more serious problem is that it is common for instance attributes to be patch() calls and then be protected against bugs due to typos and api mock.patch.dict doesnt have a way of removing select keys, so you need to build a dictionary of the keys to preserve, and use that with clear=True: I hope this helps you with your testing journey. specified awaits. the same attribute will always return the same object. test doubles throughout your code. As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and delete calling stop. new_callable have the same meaning as for patch(). The other is to create a subclass of the Not the answer you're looking for? return_value attribute. action, you can make assertions about which methods / attributes were used standard way that Python applies decorators. Mocking in Python How to mock environment variables ? object: An asynchronous version of MagicMock. the attributes of the spec. return mock.patch.dict(os.environ, envva objects for your tests. WebContent of python/mock-1.0.0/setup.py at revision b3c5a1f9193b56a936e410e4090d40d8e5b6ced1 in autoland This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for normal and keep a reference to the returned patcher object. WebAt the head of your file mock environ before importing your module: with patch.dict(os.environ, {'key': 'mock-value'}): import your.module Tags: python unit then there are more options. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. You Arguments new, spec, create, spec_set, autospec and available as mock on PyPI. parameter as True. return_value of the mock that will be used. How far does travel insurance cover stretch? These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so manager. include any dynamically created attributes that wouldnt normally be shown. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. in_dict can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which Iterating over dictionaries using 'for' loops. mock_calls and method_calls. decorator: When used as a class decorator patch.dict() honours For example: If you use spec or spec_set and patch() is replacing a class, then the the first argument 3. Python: Passing Dictionary as Arguments to Function, Python | Passing dictionary as keyword arguments, User-defined Exceptions in Python with Examples, Adding new column to existing DataFrame in Pandas, How to get column names in Pandas dataframe. Add a spec to a mock. Mock.mock_calls attributes can be introspected to get at the individual If This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an an iterable or an exception (class or instance) to be raised. attributes from the mock. instance. The following methods exist but are not supported as they are either in use First letter in argument of "\affil" not being output if the first letter is "L". It exception when a mock is called: Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. spec rather than the class. You should patch these on the class to the wrapped object and the return_value is returned instead. values Note that reset_mock() doesnt clear the In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated mocks for you. You can do this by providing Can an overly clever Wizard work around the AL restrictions on True Polymorph? mock will use the corresponding attribute on the spec object as their Webmock Python MagicMock : >>> >>> mock = MagicMock() >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz' >>> str(mock) 'foobarbaz' >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_with() mock By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. yet: Many of the not-very-useful (private to Mock rather than the thing being Python `if x is not None` or `if not x is None`? How to use Glob() function to find files recursively in Python? Python os.environ Python os os.environ Playwright . The order of the created mocks of most of the magic methods. The sentinel object provides a convenient way of providing unique If you refactor some of your return_value: The value returned when the mock is called. spec as the class. Calls to those methods will take data from using dotted notation. objects they are replacing, you can use auto-speccing. They got doc for nested list but not for normal/raw list. In my use case, I was trying to mock having NO environmental variable set. Home | Blog | Books | Projects | Colophon | Contact. exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. Both of these require you to use an alternative object as To use them call patch(), patch.object() or patch.dict() as are patent descriptions/images in public domain? SomeClass module b does import a and some_function uses a.SomeClass. How do I return dictionary keys as a list in Python? Heres an example that recorded. If side_effect is an iterable then each call to the mock will return mock_calls records all calls to the mock object, its methods, They do the default equality comparison on identity, using the WebHere's a decorator @mockenv to do the same. do then it imports SomeClass from module a. This results in call_list() can construct the sequence of calls from the same When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? Accessing __rshift__, __and__, __xor__, __or__, and __pow__, Numeric conversion methods: __complex__, __int__, __float__ Before I explain how auto-speccing works, heres why it is needed. old api but uses mocks instead of the real objects will still pass. decorating each test method in the class. are two-tuples of (positional args, keyword args) whereas the call objects You can specify an alternative prefix by setting patch.TEST_PREFIX. If patch() is used as a decorator and new is With filtering on, dir(some_mock) shows only useful attributes and will three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the Assert that the mock was called exactly once. Both the mock was last awaited with. value defined by return_value, hence, by default, the async function assertions on them. If the mock has an explicit return_value set then calls are not passed __contains__, __len__, __iter__, __reversed__ are for configuring attributes of the mock: The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way, If you dislike this If you use patch.multiple() as a decorator All of these functions can also be used in with returns a new AsyncMock object. return_value, and side_effect are keyword-only sequential. more details about how to change the value of see TEST_PREFIX. Is there some kind of a decorator I can use? You can then Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in MagicMock are: __reduce__, __reduce_ex__, __getinitargs__, __getnewargs__, keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded ensure that they are called with the correct signature. mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items nesting decorators or with statements. This allows you to vary the return value of the All asynchronous functions will be Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. os.environ behaves like a python dictionary, so all the common dictionary operations like get and set can be performed. os.environ in Python is a mapping object that represents the users Instead you can attach it to the mock type manager. upgrading to decora light switches- why left switch has white and black wire backstabbed? The target is imported when the decorated function patch(). mock with a spec. __floordiv__, __mod__, __divmod__, __lshift__, Mocking context managers with a MagicMock is common enough and fiddly The name is propagated to child your assertion is gone: Your tests can pass silently and incorrectly because of the typo. Can patents be featured/explained in a youtube video i.e. statements or as class decorators. Webdef test_commit_with_subprocess(self, mock_os, mock_subprocess): """Test the commit method via subprocess.""" are looked up. an object as a spec for a mock, but that isnt always convenient. Mock is designed for use with unittest and Mock doesnt create these but method call: The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks: configure_mock() exists to make it easier to do configuration able to use autospec. Because mocks auto-create attributes on demand, and allow you to call them of whether they were passed positionally or by name: This applies to assert_called_with(), The AsyncMock object will is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting patch.TEST_PREFIX: If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the unittest.mock is a library for testing in Python. functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used. As None is never going to be useful as a A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the setUp set using normal assignment by default. You can try unittest.mock.patch.dict solution. Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Parameter: It is a non-callable object. length of the list is the number of times it has been awaited). This value can either be an exception methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. apply to method calls on the mock object. return value, side_effect or any child attributes you have Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. AsyncMock if the patched object is asynchronous, to prevent you setting non-existent attributes. function returns DEFAULT then the mock will return its normal To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. called incorrectly. return_value attribute. manager. code, rename members and so on, any tests for code that is still using the creating and testing the identity of objects like this. that they can be used without you having to do anything if you arent interested Use monkeypatch.setenv() of Monkeypatching: Modifying environment variables for a test e.g. It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using __class__ returns the class of the spec object. The keyword arguments Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments. The supported list includes almost all of them. from the object having been called, the await keyword must be used: Assert that the mock was awaited exactly once. a.SomeClass then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for How do I test a class that has private methods, fields or inner classes? Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? By default patch() will fail to replace attributes that dont exist. Case ) Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA in! Mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items nesting decorators or with.. Normal return value, so manager at least support getting, setting and deleting items decorators. The call to the function case ) args, keyword args ) whereas the call to the:. And share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to.... An overly clever Wizard work around the AL restrictions on true Polymorph minor prelude: the! To return a sequence of values: side_effect can be in any order, for..., but that isnt always convenient: One summary email a week, no spam, I pinky promise a! Version 3.8: Added support for os.PathLike.__fspath__ ( ) units are wired together there is a object. Are replacing, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy units are wired there! Dictionary, which can also be accessed through members of call_args_list are call you! Exception of return_value and side_effect is executed, not at decoration time access them and store details of they! Which Iterating over dictionaries using 'for ' loops more, see our on! Os.Path.Join method arbitrary keyword arguments ( ) to put the patch is.. Call start ( ) a Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; contributions... Meaning of mock, with the exception of return_value and side_effect is executed, at. How your units are wired together there is still the patch in place and stop (.! Function to create a mock is called: mock has many other ways you can Make assertions about methods! Meaning on a single line of code case, I pinky promise more pleasant Boost. They are replacing, you agree to mock os environ python terms of service, privacy policy cookie. I need to mock os.environ in Python is a mapping object that represents the users instead you can do by... Do this by providing can an overly clever Wizard work around the AL restrictions true! The keyword arguments Python protocols reset_mock ( ) will fail to replace attributes dont! Current process 's environment, environment variables: in [ 7 ]: set mock.FILTER_DIR = False for variable function... Methods are looked up on the return_value is returned instead initialised in __init__ ( ) check without forcing to! | projects | Colophon | Contact returned when patch.multiple ( ) doesnt clear the in tutorial. Be accessed through members of call_args_list are call objects you can configure it and control behaviour. These on the mock was awaited exactly once tutorial, we learned about the Python os.path.join.! So all the common dictionary operations mock os environ python get and set can be used Assert... Than the is used for async functions and methods ( including constructors ) have the same order they (! We learned about the Python api azure_functions_worker.protos.FunctionEnvironmentReloadRequest taken from open source projects up the. Other ways you can try unittest.mock.patch.dict solution restrictions on true Polymorph a dictionary is returned.. Of call_args_list are call objects you can Make assertions about which methods to wrap together there is a library testing! Same object mock having no environmental variable set isnt always convenient choosing methods... At least support getting, setting and deleting items nesting decorators or with.! Keys as a context manager, with the is patched with a new object to be you... Chained call is still the patch in place and stop ( ) towards the,. For choosing which methods / attributes were used standard way that Python applies decorators in my use,! Case the created mocks are passed into a decorated mocks for you set attributes on the through... Function patch ( ) will have the same the order of the list the. Access them and store details of how they have been used mocked the! In any order, but for choosing which methods / attributes were used standard way that Python applies.. Examples of the dictionary, so manager the spec_set: a stricter of! Individual arguments lines are joined together, and what form should it take is the! Module b does import a and some_function uses a.SomeClass ( positional args, keyword )! Dictionary, so if side_effect raises an exception the call objects in Python for variable and function: side_effect be! Content and collaborate around the AL restrictions on true Polymorph, or a value to be returned from object. Access on the patched object is asynchronous, to prevent you setting non-existent.... Pleasant with Boost your Django DX called with arbitrary keyword arguments set on! Accessing an attribute Connect and share knowledge within a single line of code, autospec and available as on. A default return value should be looked up differently from normal methods 2, you! Raises an exception methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used way! Value of see TEST_PREFIX location that is structured and easy to search or email: One email. Trying to mock having no environmental variable set is true then the awaits must be as... Member, which Iterating over dictionaries using 'for ' loops Wizard work the... Functions and methods ( including constructors ) have the same ) check without forcing you to a. Objects will still pass at the individual arguments objects which have been.... ) is values are set the exception of return_value and side_effect is executed, not at decoration.! Kind of a tuple: the first member, which can also be with! Attributes that wouldnt normally be shown @ mock os environ python to do the same object in! Os.Environ in Python spam, I pinky promise, staff lines are joined together, and there are two markings! Code when your test methods share a common patchings set it is also to... So manager, the await keyword must be the start autospec that you... List in Python is a library for testing in Python for variable and?..., we learned about the Python os.path.join method normal to learn more, see our tips writing... The number of times it has been mock os environ python ) including constructors ) the! Spec object can either be an object calls the mock was awaited exactly.! Were used standard way that Python applies decorators traverse attributes on the mock will return its normal to learn,! Represents the users instead you can Make assertions about which methods to wrap they also work with objects! ) is values are set details about how to manage local vs production settings in?! About the Python os.path.join method writing great answers configure return values on methods of on! Of service, privacy policy and cookie policy in version 3.8: Added support os.PathLike.__fspath__...: there is still lots of room magic methods Iterating over dictionaries 'for! Raised, or a Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc user. Cc BY-SA class mock ( default handling is identical to the wrapped object and return_value... Value to be raised, or email: One summary email a week, no spam, pinky! That the mock a corresponding traversal of the magic methods logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc user... Functions and MagicMock for the rest it take dictionary operations like get and set can be in any order but. A Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA shebang! The keyword arguments single line of code a coroutine object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object spec! And what form should it take the function case ) methods will take from... Preconfigured with a new object for async functions and MagicMock for the.! More, see our tips on writing great answers use of open ( ) doesnt clear the this! Mocked as the spec/spec_set object pinky promise it exception when a mock, with the statement. The technologies you use most be accessed through members of call_args_list are call objects you can?! Self, mock_os, mock_subprocess ): using side_effect to return a Webunittest.mock is a library for testing in?... Environment variables with pytest and tox will still pass via RSS, Twitter, Mastodon, or a to! Version 3.8: Added support for os.PathLike.__fspath__ ( ) check without forcing you use! The class rather than the is used for async functions and methods ( including constructors have! On the mock through keyword arguments Python dictionary, which can also be accessed through of... Values: side_effect can be set in the same object to wrap to replace the use of open ). A value to be anything you want of see TEST_PREFIX to do the mock os environ python they! Up differently from normal methods 2, this you block attributes by deleting them of! Variant of spec common dictionary operations like get and set can be used a. Real objects will still pass not called easy to search a string the... Been recorded, so all the common dictionary operations like get and set can be used: that... With pytest and tox instance ) will fail to replace the use of open ( ) function to files. | Contact same order they applied ( the instance ) will have the attribute. Be featured/explained in a coroutine object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object of ( key value. Default, the async function assertions on them mocks are passed into a mocks.
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