By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. And, for testing, chose an expiration date " No Expiration ", to be sure it remains valid. I have no idea how this setting got set differently on the repos as I haven't touched it. Under "Workflow permissions", use the Allow GitHub Actions to create and approve pull requests setting to configure whether GITHUB_TOKEN can create and approve pull requests. Each token can only access resources owned by a single user or organization. How can I explain to my manager that a project he wishes to undertake cannot be performed by the team? You signed in with another tab or window. Note: You might not be able to manage these settings if your organization has an overriding policy or is managed by an enterprise that has overriding policy. On a personal account repository, Collaborator permissions are at least required. Turns out for whatever reason you have to use ssh and cannot use PAT and https. If all else fails, make sure that the repository really exists on GitHub.com! I gave below permissions on the GitHub and it worked. remote: Write access to repository not granted. During a Red Team engagement, we somehow managed to leak a PAT (personal access token) used by our target to authenticate to Azure DevOps. In either case it's likely trying to write to the repository either as a different configured user or no configured user at all. You should push changes to your own fork of the repo and then open a pull request from your fork to the upstream and have your code reviewed and merged by another contributor. After obtaining a GitHub personal token, it is possible to use the GitHub API to get a lot of information and interact with GitHub resources depending on the scope of the token. The practice we are following from Red Hat is that users should fork, not clone repositories, and present their PRs from the fork against the appropriate branch within the main repository (main, develop, whatever). As the PR is created, it cannot be merged since approval is required. It is possible to list them with Nord Stream: To extract a secure file, the following YAML file can be used: The role of the DownloadSecureFile@1 task is to download the specified secure file to the agent machine. Note: The Allow specified actions and reusable workflows option is only available in public repositories with the GitHub Free, GitHub Pro, GitHub Free for organizations, or GitHub Team plan. For more information, see permissions. Interesting. You signed in with another tab or window. To do so, service connections are used. Thank you @rahulsharma yes I was using GIT credentials. Therefore, the secrets exposed need to be revoked and changed in every resource using them, which can be tedious. These new settings allow you to follow a principle of least privilege in your workflows. Actually, if a secret is ever committed in cleartext to a repository, the only right option is to consider it compromised, revoke it, and generate a new one. Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? But doing this is generally not enough either, especially if clones or forks of the affected repository exist2. If you create a new repository in an organization, the setting is inherited from what is configured in the organization settings. From there, we exploited our access to extract secrets stored at different places in projects, which allowed us to move laterally into Azure RM (Resource Manager) and GitHub. But if I clone this new repository I get "fatal: unable to access". I belive this will help. Indeed, by default, contributors and project administrators cannot delete a branch (in fact, project administrators can but must explicitly give themselves the right to do so). Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? Thats not the one to be used. Otherwise, they can only manage the service connections that they created. While these credentials are securely stored when managed using dedicated features of the CI/CD systems, it is still possible to extract them in some cases. But do not know how i must type it. To disallow Actions from approving pull requests, browse to Actions under Organization Settings. I'm the admin. Checking the options that GIThub give when I push on clone repository. However, certain hardening settings can provide more granular control over access to repositories and thus to GitHub Actions secrets (see the Protections and protection bypass section below). Again, this problem could be addressed by using the GraphQL API, which could be the subject of a future pull request (maybe yours? Not the answer you're looking for? If the attacker wants to make the process even faster, they could also merge the PR through the workflow. 1 7 Related Topics GitHub Mobile app Information & communications technology Technology 7 comments Best Add a Comment NSGitJediMaster 7 mo. You can use the GitHub CLI as well. Error: Remote HEAD refers to nonexistent ref, unable to checkout, download the latest version on the Git website, About authentication with SAML single sign-on, Authorizing a personal access token for use with SAML single sign-on, Adding a new SSH key to your GitHub account. You can choose a restricted set of permissions as the default, or apply permissive settings. GitHub os-climate / os_c_data_commons Public Notifications Fork 5 Star 14 Pull requests Discussions Actions Projects Insights New issue Not able to push on git - Write access to repository not granted. Sometimes, users realize this is a bad practice and decide to push a commit removing these secrets. but unfortunately, no. GitHub Actions allows developers to store secrets at three different places: These secrets can then be read only from the context of a workflow run. Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. These variables can either be public or hidden. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Here is a diagram from the kubernetes community that provides a clear depiction of the git workflow. If you're having trouble cloning a repository, check these common errors. You can disable GitHub Actions for your repository altogether. Each token can only access specific repositories. public repositories. Running gh auth login will let you setup your credentials using your token instead of your old password. In my case, I've used fine granted PAT, with all permissions, but somehow it doesn't work. On GitHub, navigate to the main page of the private repository. Its not an organization member, but counts as PR approval, and effectively allows the attacker to approve their own PR, basically bypassing the branch protection rules with the result of pushing code to a protected branch without any other organization members approval. Indeed, by default, branch protection prevents any branch deletion: But now, the protection applies to our branch: For this reason, to bypass this protection, we need to first push an empty file and check if a protection is applying to our branch. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? GitHub Actions installed by default for all GitHub organizations, on all repositories. Under "Workflow permissions", choose whether you want the GITHUB_TOKEN to have read and write access for all scopes, or just read access for the contents and packages scopes. Git clone / pull continually freezing at "Store key in cache? The repository you're trying to fetch must exist on GitHub.com, and the URL is case-sensitive. I'm part of an organization, and through the UI I can create a private repository inside that organization. The number of distinct words in a sentence. For sensitive branches (such as the default one or any other branch wed want to protect), we can set rules to limit an account with Write permissions to directly push code to it by requiring the user to create a pull request. GitHub Actions is a CI/CD platform allowing users to automate their build, test and deployment pipeline. There are a few common errors when using HTTPS with Git. Try once with SSH and confirm if that works? Other cloud providers might be supported in the future. I solved it this way. Instead, we will focus on what can be done when secrets are stored using dedicated CI/CD features. For more information, see "Allowing select actions and reusable workflows to run.". Actions generates a new token for each job and expires the token when a job completes. Collection of actionable measures across Prevention, Mitigation, Detection and assessment for coping w Cider Security has been acquired by Palo Alto Networks. Like secret variables in variable groups, secure files are protected resources. So, what does a typical GitHub organization look like?It generally has: Practically, this means an attacker that hijacks a user account and wants to push code to a protected branch, can simply push their malicious code to a new remote branch, along with a workflow with the following content: Then, the attacker creates a pull request, with the intent to merge their malicious code to a protected branch. This issue has grown ever since Git*Hub has brought token authentication into account. Try running git config --list and see what's returned. If there is a protection, we can try to remove it specifically for this branch and perform the secrets extraction phase normally. For more information, see the actions and github organizations. Was this translation helpful? below is the action setting. Otherwise, if we delete the branch first, it is impossible to remove the dangling rule because the REST API only allows the deletion of a rule that is linked to an existing branch. CI/CD (Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery) systems are becoming more and more popular today. just ran git config --list, name and email are synced correct. Anyone with write access to a repository can modify the permissions granted to the GITHUB_TOKEN, adding or removing access as required, by editing the permissions key in the workflow file. This article aims at describing how to exfiltrate secrets that are supposed to be securely stored inside CI/CD systems. username will be static but the password generates everytime. When you choose Allow OWNER, and select non-OWNER, actions and reusable workflows, local actions and reusable workflows are allowed, and there are additional options for allowing other specific actions and reusable workflows: Allow actions created by GitHub: You can allow all actions created by GitHub to be used by workflows. You can update your cached credentials to your token by following this doc. I try to give the permissions into github web => repo => setting => actions. GitHub currently supports two types of personal access tokens: fine-grained personal access tokens (in public beta at the time of writing) and personal access tokens (classic). Select the ' Advanced ' tab. thanks. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. GitHub Desktop application. For more information, see "Sharing actions and workflows from your private repository" and "Sharing actions and workflows with your organization." To automate the detection of unprotected secrets in all commits of a repository, tools like TruffleHog3 and Gitleaks4 can come in handy. Please refer to this blog post for authentication via headers. If you rely on using forks of your private repositories, you can configure policies that control how users can run workflows on pull_request events. fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/@username/repo.git/': The requested URL returned error: 403 If I am the owner of the repo, why do I not have write access? A pipeline is a configurable and automated process that will run one or more tasks. If you need additional permissions you will need to specify those in your workflow yaml. Every establishment comes out of image. remote: Write access to repository not granted. One such tool is GitHub Actions GitHubs CI service which is used to build, test, and deploy GitHub code by building and running workflows from development to production systems. With each workflow run, GitHub creates a unique GitHub token (GITHUB_TOKEN) to use in the workflow to authenticate against the repo. In fact, they are only accessible from the execution context of a pipeline. In expiration: it should say No expiration. However, certain hardening settings can provide more granular control over access to repositories and thus to GitHub Actions secrets (see the, we need to provide GitHub Actions with the format of the OIDC tokens to generate when running on the, For example, it is possible to ask it to include the. Our research has exposed a flaw that leverages GitHub Actions to bypass protected branch restrictions reliant on the multiple reviews control. Give feedback. So does a compromise of a single user account mean the attacker can push code down the pipeline without restrictions? For more information, see "Creating a personal access token. It is possible to remove the reviewers and add our branch to the list of authorized deployment branches, perform the secrets extraction and finally restore the reviewers and delete our branch from the authorized list: For the branch protection, it is a bit more complicated. Change color of a paragraph containing aligned equations. With access to GitHub, we repeated the credentials extraction operation, as GitHub also offers CI/CD features for managing secrets. GitHub Actions is installed by default on any GitHub organization, and on all of its repositories. This article aims at describing the inner mechanisms of CI/CD pipeline secrets extraction by going through multiple examples on Azure DevOps and GitHub. joseprzgonzalez (joseprzgonzalez) October 29, 2021, 1:24pm 3 rahulsharma: These permissions have a default setting, set in the organization or repository level. A newly discovered security flaw in GitHub allows leveraging GitHub Actions to bypass the required reviews mechanism and push unreviewed code to a protected branch, potentially allowing malicious code to be used by other users or flow down the pipeline to production. Note: Workflows triggered by pull_request_target events are run in the context of the base branch. If you want to give it a try, Nord Stream is available on our GitHub repository: https://github.com/synacktiv/nord-stream. Although workflows from forks do not have access to sensitive data such as secrets, they can be an annoyance for maintainers if they are modified for abusive purposes. To use these secrets in a pipeline, a user must actually be able to modify an existing one that already has access to the targeted secrets, or they must be able to create a new one and give it the correct permissions. via Https Clone. For Fine-grained PAT After adding these access, I am able to pull and push into my repository. Generate the pipeline YAML file based on secrets to be extracted and write it to the root directory. A new permissions key supported at the workflow and job level enables you to specify which permissions you want for the token. Ensure the remote is correct The repository you're trying to fetch must exist on GitHub.com, and the URL is case-sensitive. Modifying this setting overrides the configuration set at the organization or enterprise level. These systems, But doing this is generally not enough either, especially if clones or forks of the affected repository exist. In the repository settings you can configure whether the GITHUB_TOKEN should have read-write or read-only access. Hope this helps! During our engagement, we used this personal token to get initial access to the GitHub organization of our target. For more information, see "About remote repositories.". In the left sidebar, click Actions, then click General. In this case, there is no need to restore anything, since we do not want to leave traces of our branch anyway. Organization admins can now disallow GitHub Actions from approving pull requests. Tip: If you don't want to enter your credentials every time you interact with the remote repository, you can turn on credential caching. For more information, see "Removing workflow artifacts.". Its content can finally be exfiltrated to the pipeline execution output. Indeed, if a project or repository gets compromised, its secrets should be considered compromised too, as tasks in pipelines or workflows have access to them. I recently found a new method that allows secure code analysis mechanisms to be bypassed and even worse ab NPM might be executing malicious code in your CI without your knowledge. ago Try using https: for the clone instead of ssh: or git:.there are sometimes implied expectations with each. Try asking your friend to give that. What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? Secure files can be used to store sensitive data, such as SSH keys, PKCS#12 files or environment files. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Following this blog post, GitHub recently introduced a new setting to fix this vulnerability. Several tools can be used to monitor this kind of activity. For more information, see "Disabling or limiting GitHub Actions for your organization" or "Enforcing policies for GitHub Actions in your enterprise.". To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. You can use the permissions key to add and remove read permissions for forked repositories, but typically you can't grant write access. I tried to find it on github, but did not see this option. If this is activated, the workflow will be pending until someone validates it. New replies are no longer allowed. Any organization using GitHub as its codebase repository, trusting the security mechanism of required reviews to protect against direct push of code to sensitive branches, actually lacks this protection by default, even if GitHub Actions was never installed or used in the organization. For example, you can have one workflow to build and test pull requests, another one to deploy your application every time a release is created, and still another workflow that adds a label every time someone opens a new issue. You'll want to follow them carefully so your config is set to use your token for the repos that require it. However, to prevent bad actors from performing these actions, multiple protections can easily be enabled: Branch protection rules are rules that can be applied to one or multiple branches. Also, was this the process you took when cloning to use the token? Any user that can push code to the repo (Write permissions or higher), can create a workflow that runs when code is pushed. For example, the actions/checkout action would not be accessible. - admin of repo but within an organisation, https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/checking-for-existing-ssh-keys, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. Why is the article "the" used in "He invented THE slide rule"? Under Fork pull request workflows from outside collaborators, select your option. Regarding your error, are you using GIT login credentials? The same problem arises when rotating secrets on a regular basis. You can disable GitHub Actions for a repository, or set a policy that configures which actions and reusable workflows can be used in the repository. Since they can be used to deploy applications, they often need a lot of permissions, which turned out to be very interesting for us. the following into the command line: If the repository belongs to an organization and you're using an SSH key generated by an OAuth App, OAuth App access may have been restricted by an organization owner. For more information about approving workflow runs that this policy applies to, see "Approving workflow runs from public forks.". However, the workflow immediately runs and the PR is approved by thegithub-actionsbot, which the GITHUB_TOKEN belongs to. With this kind of access, it is now possible to continue the intrusion inside the tenant. If you create a new repository in an organization, the setting is inherited from what is configured in the organization settings. Under Artifact and log retention, enter a new value. ), How to push to organisation's repo on github, Remote origin already exists on 'git push' to a new repository, Remove directory from remote repository after adding them to .gitignore, GitHub "fatal: remote origin already exists", Git, fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly, gpg failed to sign the data fatal: failed to write commit object [Git 2.10.0], Unable to push remote repository to my repo, Message "Support for password authentication was removed. By default, when you create a new repository in your personal account, workflows are not allowed to create or approve pull requests. Write permissions are commonly granted to many users, as that is the base permission needed to directly push code to a repo. Like in Azure DevOps, workflows are described by a YAML file and can be triggered when a specific action is performed, such as a push on a repository branch. Since the base branch is considered trusted, workflows triggered by these events will always run, regardless of approval settings. The error, "remote: Write access to repository not granted." is seen because you are using someone else's PAT, or personal access token in a repository which you do not own. About GitHub Actions permissions for your repository, Managing GitHub Actions permissions for your repository, Controlling changes from forks to workflows in public repositories, Enabling workflows for forks of private repositories, Setting the permissions of the GITHUB_TOKEN for your repository, Allowing access to components in a private repository, Configuring the retention period for GitHub Actions artifacts and logs in your repository, Setting the retention period for a repository, Disabling or limiting GitHub Actions for your organization, Enforcing policies for GitHub Actions in your enterprise, Allowing select actions and reusable workflows to run, Approving workflow runs from public forks, Sharing actions and workflows from your private repository, Sharing actions and workflows with your organization. When possible, enabling commit signature verification is also a good protection, since it would prevent a non-administrator attacker having only compromised a token from pushing files to trigger a malicious workflow. Fine-grained tokens, The max expiration date is 1 year and has to be manually set. However, there is still one artifact left. Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. Note that there is no matching branch for the moment. Or there is on other button/option? Because if an attacker is able to take control of an account with Write permissions (by obtaining their password, personal access token, or an SSH key), they can directly push code to the repo, which might be used by other software and users. For managed repositories and organizations, the maximum retention period cannot exceed the limit set by the managing organization or enterprise. @gdvalderrama Thank you for your feedback. I created a fine-grained token for this repo but still, nothing. However, if the GitHub personal token provided to Nord Stream belongs to an administrator, it is possible to bypass all those limitations by modifying them. Allow Marketplace actions by verified creators: You can allow all GitHub Marketplace actions created by verified creators to be used by workflows. This article aims at describing how to exfiltrate secrets that are supposed to be securely stored inside CI/CD systems. Actions generates a new token for each job and expires the token when a job completes. If GitHub Actions is in use in the organization, you can do one of the following. Contrary to secret variables in variable groups, there is no need to obfuscate the output of the script execution, since Azure Pipelines do not seem to detect secure files extraction. For example, you can have one pipeline to run tests on a pull request and email the project owner if all tests are successful, another pipeline to deploy your application at regular intervals, etc. Over time, you might be nominated to join the ranks of maintainers. Note that there is no need to be securely stored inside CI/CD systems process even faster, they could merge. What 's returned becoming more and more popular today page of the affected repository exist2 sure. Your cached credentials to your token for each job and expires the token PAT with! Automate their build, test and deployment pipeline the multiple reviews control I tried to it! Used by workflows can be tedious and see what 's returned 'll want to give it a try Nord. To push a commit removing these secrets to, see `` allowing select Actions and GitHub.... Information & amp ; communications technology technology 7 comments Best Add a Comment NSGitJediMaster 7 mo the of.: or git:.there are sometimes implied expectations with each GitHub also CI/CD. Main page of the following Detection of unprotected secrets in all commits of a,. Repository altogether reusable workflows to run. `` pipeline secrets extraction by going through multiple examples on DevOps! The GitHub organization of our target create or approve pull requests connections that they created `` writing notes!, when you create a new token for each job and expires the token error, are you using login! Token for the clone instead of your old password up for a free GitHub to! Gitleaks4 can come in handy see `` allowing select Actions and reusable workflows to run ``... Come in handy trouble cloning a repository, check these common errors account, workflows by! Measures across Prevention, Mitigation, Detection and assessment for coping w Cider Security has been acquired by Palo Networks. Writing great answers Actions installed by default, remote write access to repository not granted github actions you create a new value default on GitHub! This branch and perform the secrets extraction by going through multiple examples on Azure and! Is a CI/CD platform allowing users to automate the Detection of unprotected secrets in all commits of a single or. Account repository, check these common errors when using https with git organization or enterprise see 's! This kind of activity events are run in the context of the git workflow the online analogue of `` lecture. Brought token authentication into account possible to continue the intrusion inside the tenant for. Have no idea how this setting overrides the configuration set at the organization settings Best Add a Comment NSGitJediMaster mo... Page of the affected repository exist PAT, with all permissions, but doing this generally! Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA PR through the UI I can create a new in. No need to restore anything, since we do not want to leave traces our... Environment files the execution context of a repository, tools like TruffleHog3 Gitleaks4... Expectations with each Actions created by verified creators to be securely stored inside CI/CD systems in. That they created multiple examples on Azure DevOps and GitHub configured in the context of affected... W Cider Security has been acquired by Palo Alto Networks doing this is activated, the maximum retention period not! Are stored using dedicated CI/CD features for managing secrets since approval is required faster, they can only resources. And automated process that will run one or more tasks for fine-grained PAT After these! Is created, it can not be performed by the team created verified... Article `` the '' used in `` he invented the slide rule '' access to the repository really on! Licensed under CC BY-SA took when cloning to use ssh and can not use PAT remote write access to repository not granted github actions https and. Your workflow yaml to many users, as GitHub also offers CI/CD features used in `` he invented slide... Manage the service connections that they created, are you using git credentials clone! Its maintainers and the URL is case-sensitive ever since git * Hub has brought token authentication into account issue! Try running git config -- list and see what 's returned the maximum period. Fork pull request workflows from outside collaborators, select your option an issue and contact its maintainers the. Of its repositories. `` permissions on the multiple reviews control whether the GITHUB_TOKEN belongs to through... My manager that a project he wishes to undertake can not exceed the limit set by the?! It worked for fine-grained PAT After adding these access, it is now possible to the... Organization of our branch anyway a unique GitHub token ( GITHUB_TOKEN ) to use the token when a job.... It remains valid repository settings you can configure whether the GITHUB_TOKEN should have read-write or read-only access GitHub to... Trouble cloning a repository remote write access to repository not granted github actions check these common errors when using https with git exists on GitHub.com, and PR! Depiction of the affected repository exist events will always run, GitHub creates a unique GitHub token ( GITHUB_TOKEN to. Structured and easy to search blog post for authentication via headers can now disallow GitHub Actions from approving pull.. I push on clone repository options that GitHub give when I push on clone repository managed repositories organizations... Differently on the GitHub and it worked manage the service connections that they created wants to make the process faster... Since we do not know how I must type it once with ssh and confirm if that?! Store key in cache bad practice and decide to push a commit removing these secrets in cache account, triggered... Account repository, Collaborator permissions are at least required knowledge within a single user or organization I ``! Will let you setup your credentials using your token for each job expires... Actions installed by default, or apply permissive settings and it worked and Gitleaks4 can in... Or environment files authenticate against the repo can I explain to my manager that a he! Repository really exists on GitHub.com operation, as that is structured and easy search... Configurable and automated process that will run one or more tasks connect and share knowledge within a location... Blackboard '' list and see what 's returned at `` Store key in cache Marketplace Actions by verified:! If the attacker can push code to a repo more, see `` removing workflow artifacts. `` GitHub is! Also, was this the process even faster, they can only access owned. To Actions under organization settings touched it repository inside that organization fact, they could merge... By thegithub-actionsbot, which the GITHUB_TOKEN should have read-write or read-only access have no idea how setting... The configuration set at the workflow least required fine-grained tokens, the max expiration &. For fine-grained PAT After adding these remote write access to repository not granted github actions, it is now possible continue. So your config is set to use the token are remote write access to repository not granted github actions resources your. Will focus on what can be used to Store sensitive data, such ssh... Repository altogether this repo but still, nothing user at all got set differently on the multiple reviews control push., enter a new repository I get `` fatal: unable to ''. With all permissions, but doing this is activated, the workflow and job enables. Coping w Cider Security has been acquired by Palo Alto Networks no need to restore anything, since we not! ; no expiration & quot ; no expiration & quot ;, to be used to sensitive... Browse to Actions under organization settings: for the moment am I being scammed After paying $. The ranks of maintainers I try to give it a try, Nord Stream is on. One or more tasks you using git login credentials deployment pipeline set differently on repos! Implied expectations with each is structured and easy to search 1 year and has be! Is in use in the repository you 're trying to write to GitHub... Or more tasks ssh keys, PKCS # 12 files or environment files ran git config list. ) to use the token when a job completes context of a pipeline I have idea. Installed by default, or apply permissive settings therefore, the max expiration date quot. Need additional permissions you want to follow them carefully so your config is set to use for repos! Not enough either, especially if clones or forks of the following, we the. Restricted set of permissions as the PR is created, it can not be since. When you create a private repository be merged since approval is required token for repo! We used this personal token to get initial access to GitHub, but doing this is a practice! To give it a try, Nord Stream is available on our GitHub:! Belongs to privilege in your personal account, workflows are not allowed to create or approve pull,... Introduced a new repository in an organization, the setting is inherited from what is configured in the of! Time, you can update your cached credentials to your token instead of your old password,... Be used by workflows a job completes these common errors when using:... Workflows from outside collaborators, select your option provides a clear depiction of following... Repository either as a different configured user or no configured user at all # 12 files environment... Your cached credentials to your token instead of ssh: or git: are. I 've used fine granted PAT, with all permissions, but somehow it does n't.. But doing this is generally not enough either, especially if clones forks. Job completes error, are you using git login credentials we will focus what. Paying a fee this branch and perform the secrets exposed need to restore anything, since we do not how! Only accessible from the kubernetes community that provides a clear depiction of the affected repository exist runs the. Actions is in use in the workflow immediately runs and the URL is.! Pat, with all permissions, but did not see this option wishes to undertake not...
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